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This week's topic: Glucose Dynamics
Have you seen situations that didn't make sense?
- Elevated fasting glucose in someone who leads a very healthy lifestyle
- A hemoglobin A1c of 5.7% that doesn't make sense with fasting glucose of 85
- Weight gain in a patient whose metabolic labs look "perfect"
Overview of today's email:
- Glucose Dynamics
- Clinical tips
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1. Glucose Dynamics
Hyperglycemia (and hypoglycemia) are at the root of many symptoms and conditions, including psychiatric conditions, fatigue, cognition, weight maintenance, and more. But glucose levels fluctuate, and evaluating glucose imbalances requires more than just a fasting glucose or HgA1c.
The tools we currently have available for evaluation include:
- Fasting serum glucose
- Fructosamine
- Glycomark
- HgA1c
- Fasting insulin
- C-peptide
- Continuous glucose monitor (CGM)
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) - ideally including insulin measurements
- Symptom history
I will touch on each of these in detail in the extended version of this email on Substack...
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2. Clinical Tips
When I evaluate for glucose imbalances, I look at patterns in the markers noted above.
But there will be cases when all tests noted above are normal, but fasting glucose or HgA1c is higher than "optimal" (and I trust the patient has a balanced diet and exercise habits), I ask: If the elevation isn't from external glucose (food), what is causing the body to increase glucose?
The two primary things I consider are:
- Hyperadrenal function (cortisol and catecholamines increase glucose levels)
- Anemia, especially iron deficiency (leads to decreased RBC turnover)
I'll touch on other factors in my Substack, but check out one of my favorite references on this topic: Pitfalls in Hemoglobin A1c Measurement: When Results may be Misleading (2013)
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I hope this was clinically useful!
To see more of my deep dive into the literature, as well as my clinical insights, on this topic, subscribe to my paid Substack ($8 a month) to see the extended version of this email!
Meg
P.S. These emails take a lot of time to create (and I don't receive a lot of feedback on whether they are useful to those that receive them), so I've moved to Substack for an extended version of these at a low monthly cost (available within 24 hours of releasing this email). Why Substack? It has the benefits of being able to comment and ask questions about the posts, you're not bombarded with ads, I'm using the platform as a "micro-mentorship", and it's low cost!
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